![]() Flagella are also required for autoagglutination in Campylobacter, which is thought to play a role in adherence to, and invasion of human embryonic intestinal cells ( Misawa and Blaser, 2000). Thirdly, motility is essential for chemotaxis, and various chemotaxis-defective mutants are attenuated in animal models of disease ( Takata et al., 1992 Yao et al., 1997) or show reduced immunopathology ( Bereswill et al., 2011). Secondly, the flagellar Type III secretion system is utilized to secrete non-flagellar effector proteins, which have roles in virulence ( Konkel et al., 2004 Song et al., 2004 Poly et al., 2007 Barrero-Tobon and Hendrixson, 2012, 2014 Neal-McKinney and Konkel, 2012). Firstly, flagellar motility confers the ability to swim toward intestinal epithelial cells, which is critical for subsequent cell invasion ( Lee et al., 1986 Szymanski et al., 1995). The role of the flagellar system in Campylobacter virulence cannot be understated. Despite its importance as a human pathogen, much remains to be learned about Campylobacter virulence mechanisms. ![]() is prevalent in many countries in the Western world, with around half a million cases annually in the UK ( Tam et al., 2012). Diarrhoeal disease linked with Campylobacter spp. coli are causative agents of human gastroenteritis, and are commonly transmitted via contaminated food, especially poultry meat. The thermophilic Campylobacter species C. We hypothesize that Cj1388 and Cj0327 modulate post-translational modification of the flagella through yet unidentified mechanisms, and propose naming Cj1387 the Campylobacter Flagella Interaction Regulator CfiR, and the Cj1388 and Cj0327 protein as CfiP and CfiQ, respectively. Finally, substituting the sole cysteine in Cj1388 for serine prevented Cj1388 dimerization in non-reducing conditions, and resulted in decreased autoagglutination in the presence of Tween-20. The Δ cj1388 and Δ cj0327 mutants were also attenuated in a Galleria larvae-based infection model. Inactivation of the cj1388 and cj0327 genes resulted in decreased autoagglutination in Tween-20-supplemented media. jejuni, containing another cj1388-like gene ( cj0327). Comparative genomics showed that cj1387c ( yheO) orthologs in bacterial genomes are commonly linked to an adjacent cj1388 ortholog, with some bacteria, including C. The Δ cj1387c mutant displayed increased expression of the adjacent Cj1388 protein, which comprises of a single endoribonuclease L-PSP domain. The morphotype was fully motile, resistant to vortexing, accompanied by increased autoagglutination, and was not observed in aflagellated cells. ![]() Inactivation of the cj1387c gene, encoding a YheO-like PAS6 domain linked to a helix-turn-helix domain, resulted in the generation of a tightly associated “cell-train” morphotype, where up to four cells were connected by their flagella. ![]() In this work, we have identified a novel PAS-domain containing regulatory system, which modulates flagella-flagella interactions in C. jejuni are post-translationally modified, but how this process is controlled is not well understood. The bipolar flagella of the foodborne bacterial pathogen Campylobacter jejuni confer motility, which is essential for virulence.
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